Résumé
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are detectable in up to 75% of triple-negative breast cancer. The composition of these infiltrates may influence prognosis and is not known regarding regulatory or effector lymphocytes. The objectives of this study were to describe and quantify the composition of the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes before and after chemotherapy (neoadjuvant chemotherapy) and to evaluate their association with complete pathological response and overall survival. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study. Clinical and pathological data from 38 triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at the University Hospital (HUCFF/UFRJ), between November 2004 and November 2018, were analyzed. The Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) have been identified on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections according to the guidelines of the "International tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes Working Group." Immunohistochemistry studies were performed to identify T-cell subsets (i.e., CD3, CD4, CD8, and FOXP3) and T-cell exhaustion (i.e., programmed cell death protein 1). RESULTS: Statistically significant changes in stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte categories were observed before and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with 32% of intermediate cases becoming high. The correlation between pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and pathological response, pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and overall survival was not statistically significant. However, we noticed an increase of cells that favor the antitumor activity (i.e., CD3, CD8, and CD8/FOXP3 ratio) and decreased levels of cells inhibiting tumor activities (i.e., FOXP3 and programmed cell death protein 1) post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression pre-neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed an association with pathological response. CONCLUSION: In this study, we observed that chemotherapy significantly increases stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, CD8 T cells, as well as CD8/FoxP3 ratio. Most importantly, programmed cell death protein 1 expression before neoadjuvant chemotherapy positively correlates with pathological response suggesting the use of programmed cell death protein 1 as a prognostic marker before neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Résumé
Resumen: Esta investigación es un estudio descriptivo que analiza la encuesta realizada a 1.088 estudiantes universitarios por parte del Centro de Desarrollo Emprendedor de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay en el año 2016, en el marco del estudio mundial anual del Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey organizado por la Universidad de St. Gallen-Suiza, auditado por la consultora Ernst & Young. El foco principal es comparar las intenciones emprendedoras de los estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Católica del Uruguay, en particular los estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud, versus el resto de los estudiantes. Se plantea la hipótesis de que el nivel de intención de emprender de estudiantes de Ciencias de la Salud es menor respecto al resto de los estudiantes de dicha Universidad, siendo el entorno de la universidad un factor influyente en dicha variable. Tras un análisis cuantitativo de asociaciones estadísticas (pruebas chi-cuadrado) y diferencia de medias significativas, se concluye que dichos estudiantes presentan una menor intención emprendedora que el resto de los estudiantes de la universidad expresada en términos porcentuales, pero las diferencias no son estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, sí se constata que el entorno, el clima y las áreas de estudio de la universidad inciden favorablemente en la intención de emprender
Resumo: Esta pesquisa é um estudo descritivo que analisa o levantamento de 1.088 estudantes universitários pelo Centro de Desenvolvimento Empresarial na Universidade Católica do Uruguai em 2016, na pesquisa anual global de Pesquisa Global Universidade Empreendedora Espírito Students' organizado pela a Universidade de St. Gallen-Suíça, auditada pela consultoria Ernst & Young. O foco principal é comparar as intenções empreendedoras dos estudantes universitários da Universidade Católica do Uruguai, em particular os estudantes de Ciências da Saúde, em relação aos demais estudantes. Hipotetiza-se que o nível de intenção de realização de estudantes de Ciências da Saúde seja menor em relação ao restante dos estudantes da referida Universidade, sendo o ambiente da universidade um fator influente na referida variável. Após uma análise quantitativa das associações estatísticas (testes qui-quadrado) e diferença de médias significativas, conclui-se que esses alunos apresentam uma menor intenção empreendedora do que os demais alunos da universidade expressa em termos percentuais, mas as diferenças não são estatisticamente significantes . No entanto, nota-se que o ambiente, clima e áreas de estudo da universidade afetam favoravelmente a intenção de empreender
Abstract: This research is a descriptive study that analyzes the survey conducted on 1088 university students by the Center for Entrepreneurial Development of the Catholic University of Uruguay in 2016, within the framework of the annual global study of the Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students' Survey organized by the University of St. Gallen-Switzerland, audited by the consultancy Ernst & Young. The main focus is to compare the entrepreneurial intentions of the university students of the Catholic University of Uruguay, in particular the students of Health Sciences, versus the rest of the students. It is hypothesized that the level of intention to undertake of students of Health Sciences is lower compared to the rest of the students of said University, being the environment of the university an influential factor in said variable. After a quantitative analysis of statistical associations (chi-square tests) and difference of significant means, it is concluded that these students present a lower entrepreneurial intention than the rest of the students of the university expressed in percentage terms, but the differences are not statistically significant . However, it is noted that the environment, climate and study areas of the university favorably affect the intention to undertake